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The Meaning of the Words in their Connection--Usus Loquendi
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장바울
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2010-08-07 02:08:21, 조회 : 2,844 |
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(B) The Meaning of the Words in their Connection--Usus Loquendi (L. Berkohf, p.74)
(단어들의 상호 관련된 의미)
① In the study of the separate words, the most important question is not that of their etymological meaning, nor even that of the various significations which they gradually acquired. (분리된 말(단어)들의 연구에 있어서 가장 중요한 문제는 어원적인 의미도, 그들이 점차적으로 얻어진(부여된) 여러 가지 의미들의 문제도 아니다).
② The essential point is that of their particular sense in the connection in which they occur. The interpreter must determine whether the words are used in their general or in one of their special significations, whether they are employed in a literal or in a figurative sense, (중요한 것은 단어들이 사용되는 문맥의 연관성에 있어서의 특별한 의미에 관한 것이다. 해석자는 그 단어들이 일반적으로 사용되었는지 특별한 의미 중이 하나로 사용되었는지를 결정해야 하며, 그 단어들이 문자적으로 사용되었는지, 상징적인 의미로 사용되었는지를 결정해야 한다)
③ In the study of the words in their connection, the interpreter should proceed on the following principles: (그들의 연관성에서 단어들을 연구할 경우에 해석자는 다음과 같은 원리들에 의하여 진행해나가야 한다)
1.\\"The Language of Scripture Should be Interpreted According to Its Grammatical Import; and the Sense of Any Expression, Proposition, or Declaration, is to be Determined by the Words Employed\\" (Muenscher, Manual of Biblical Interpretation, p. 107) (성경의 언어는 그것의 문법적인 의미에 따라 해석되어야 한다. 그리고 어떤 표현이나, 제언, 혹은 선언의 의미는 채용된 단어들에 의하여 결정되어야 한다)
Our theology finds its solid foundation only in the grammatical sense of Scripture. This is crucial important. (신학은 성경의 문법적 의미에서만 그것의 튼튼한 기초를 발견하게 된다. 이것이 중요하다)
(1) Rationalists act in defiance of it, when they resolve the story of the fall into a myth; and Millenarians, when they find in 1 Thess. 4:16 proof for a twofold resurrection. (합리론 자들은 문법적인 의미를 무시한다. 그러므로 타락 기사를 신화로 본다. 그리고 천년주의자들은 살전 4:16에서 이중 부활의 증거를 찾는다)
(2) The interpreter should carefully guard against this mistake, and conscientiously abide by the plain meaning of the words. (해석자는 이 실수에 대하여 신중하게 대처해야 하며, 단어들의 명백한 의미를 성실하게 붙잡아야 한다)
2. A Word Can Have but One Fixed Meaning in the Connection in Which Occurs. (Berkhof, p. 75)
(단어는 연관되어 나타나는 곳에서는 다만 한가지 뜻만을 가지고 있다)
This may seem so evident as to require no special mention. The desire to seem original and profound, and to surprise the common people by fanciful expositions of which they have never heard,
sometime tempts interpreter to lose sight of this simple cannon of interpretation. (이것은 특별한 언급이 필요 없을 정도로 분명한 것 같다. 전에 들어보지도 못한 색다른 해석에 의하여 보통 사람들을 놀라게 하려고, 원래의 뜻과 심오한 뜻인 것같이 보이게 하려는 욕망이 때때로 해석자로 하여금 해석의 단순한 규범을 떠나게 하는 유혹이 될 수 있다)
(1) The Greek word sarks (savrξ) may designate:
① the solid part of the body, except the bones (1 Cor. 15:39; Luke 24:39).
② the whole substance of the body, when it is synonym with soma (σώμα, Acts 2:26; Eph. 2:15; 5:29),
③ the animal (sensuous) nature of man (John 1:13; Rom. 10:18),
④ human nature as dominated by sin, the seat and vehicle of sinful desires (Rom. 7:25; 8:4-9; Gal. 5:16, 17).
If an interpreter ascribed all these meanings to the word as it is found in John 6:53 (ei\pen ou\n aujtoi'\\" oJ !Ihsou'\\", !Amh;n ajmh;n levgw uJmi'n, eja;n mh; favghte th;n savrka tou' uiJou' tou' ajnqrwvpou kai; pivhte aujtou' to; ai|ma, oujk e[cete zwh;n ejn eJautoi'\\"), he would thereby also attribute sin in an ethical sense to Christ, whom the Bible represents as the sinless one (human sinful nature).
(2) The Hebrew word nakar (רꗈꗻ) means:
① not to know, to be ignorant,
② to contemplate, to look at anything as strange, or little known.
③ to know, to be acquainted with.
In this word, the first and third meanings are opposites. Hence it is perfectly obvious that, if an expositor should seek to combine these various meanings in the interpretation of a single passage like Gen. 42:8 (.WhruKihi al !hew wyj;a, Ata, #se/y rKeY\\"w\\"), the contrast which this verse contains would be lost, and pure nonsense would be the result. (רꗈꗺ, ejpevgnw\\")
3. Cases In Which Several Meanings of a Word Are United in Such a Manner that They Are Resolved into a Higher Unity Do Not Conflict With the Preceding Cannon. (Berkhof, p. 76)
(한 단어의 여러 가지 의미가 좀더 고상한 조화에로 용해(승화)되는 방식으로 연합되어 있는 경우들은 앞의 법칙에 모순되지 않는다)
a. sometimes a word is used in its most general sense, so as to include its special meanings, though these are not emphasized. (때때로 한 단어가 그 의미들이 다 그렇지는 않지만, 그 단어의 특별한 의미들을 포함하도록 가장 보편적인 의미로 사용되기도 한다)
When Jesus says to the disciples in Jon 20:21; \\"Peace be unto you,\\" He means peace in the most comprehensive sense--peace with God, peace of conscience, peace among themselves, etc. (너희에게 평강이 있을 지어다)
When Isaiah says in 53:4; \\"Surely, He hath born our griefs\\"(그는 실로 우리의 슬픔을 당하였거늘, literally sickness), he certainly refers to the spiritual disease of which the Servant of the Lord delivers his people.
But in Matt. 8:17; we are told that this word fulfilled in the Savior's ministry of healing. The word of Isaiah is, therefore, taken to mean not only that the Servant of the Lord delivered his people from spiritual ills, i,e., from sin, but also from the resulting physical ailment.
b. There are also cases in which one special meaning of a word includes another, which does not conflict with the purpose and connection of the passage in which it is found. (한 단어의 특별한 의미가 또 다른 의미를 포함하면서, 그 단어가 씌어진 구절의 목적과 연결에 모순되지 않는 경우들도 있다)
Under such circumstances, it is perfectly legitimate to unite the two. When John the Baptist says \\"Behold the Lamb of God that taketh away the sin of the world,\\" (kai; levgei, #Ide oJ ajmno;\\" tou' qeou' oJ ai[rwn th;n aJmartivan tou' kovsmou). he employs a word \\"airo\\" (ai[rw) that means:
(1) to take up
(2) to carry away
In this passage, the latter meaning clearly predominates, but it naturally includes the other.
Jesus could not bear sin away without taking it upon himself.
c. Then again, an author occasionally employs a word in a pregnant sense, so as to indicate far more than it really expresses. (그리고 또 어떤 경우에는 저자가 함축성 있는 의미로 단어를 사용하여 그 말의 실제적인 뜻 보다 더 풍부하게 표현하기도 한다)
This is done especially in the synecdoche(대유/제유), when a part is put for the whole. When the Saviour teaches his disciples to pray: \\"Give us this day our daily bread,\\" (To;n a[rton hJmw'n to;n ejpiouvsion do;\\" hJmi'n shvmeron) the word \\"bread\\" undoubtedly stands for the necessaries of life in general (Matt. 6:11). (divdwmi→do;\\", give)
And when the Law says: \\"thou shalt not kill,\\" (ouj moiceuvsei\\") it forbids, according to the interpretation of Jesus, not merely murdered, but anger, hatred and implacability as well. (Ex. 20:13). (율법에 “살인하지 말라”고 할 때, 예수님의 해석에 따르면, 그것은 단순히 살인뿐만 아니라 노여움, 미움과 양심 깊은 곳에 맺힌 원한과 같은 것까지 금하고있다)
4. If A Word is Used in the Same Connection More Than Once, The Natural Assumption is That it Has the Same Meaning Throughout. (Berkhof, p. 77)
(한 단어가 한번 이상 같은 관계로 사용된다면, 필연적으로 그 단어가 같은 뜻을 가진다는 사실은 자연스러운 것이다)
① Ordinarily an author will not use a word in two or three different sense in a single passage. (일반적으로 저자는 하나의 같은 구절에서 두 셋 이상의 다른 의미를 사용하지 않을 것이다)
② But there are a few exceptions to the rule. In a few passages a word is repeated with a change of meaning. (but theses cases are of such a kind that the danger of misunderstanding is obviate. [그러나 이러한 규칙에도 몇 가지 예외는 있다. 몇몇 구절에서 한 단어가 의미의 변화를 가지고 반복되기도 한다 (그러나 이 경우들은 오해의 위험이 없는 종류의 경우들이다)].
③ The character of the expression of the context makes it sufficiently clear that the word does not have the same sense in both cases. (문맥의 성격에 따라 그 단어가 두 가지 경우에서 같은 의미를 가지지 않는다는 사실을 매우 명백하게 된다)
Ex.1, \\"Let the dead bury their (own) dead\\" (Matt. 8:22)
Ex.2, \\"For they are not all Israel that are of Israel\\"(Rom. 9:6)
Ex.3, \\"For he hath made him to be sin for us, who knew no sin, that we might be made the righteousness of God in him\" (2 Cor. 5:21).
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선교운동소개
신학 