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The Modern World (1800 AD-Onwards) (Other Christianity: African Xianity)
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장부영
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2009-01-04 17:00:29, 조회 : 3,176 |
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6. Other Christianity (African and Asian Christianity)
(1) African Christianity
1) Christian theology was virtually invented in Africa; few other place claim theologians of the statue of Tertullian, Origen and Augustine.
2) After the 5th century, with the collapse of the Roman empire, the continental largely dropped out of the Christian consciousness.
3) The invasion of the Muslims in the 7th century, reducing the Monophysite and Nestorian churches to embattled minorities, completed the transformation.
4) Coptic Christianity survived only in Ethiopia, which had originally been converted by missionaries sent by Arthanasius in the 4th century.
5) Later, in the 18th century, Christianity was spread by slaves who had worked in Europe, been frees and chose to return to Africa.
6) In the late 18th century, systematic evangelization began , as Pietist and evangelical group such as the Moravians felt it their duty to spread the gospel to the 'dark continent.'
7) Today African Christianity coexists to varying degrees with Islam. In some countries, such as the Sudan, Christianity is in danger of being eradicated. but in other countries it has proved enormously popular.
8) African Christianity exists mainly in three forms:
① Roman Catholicism, which is broadly similar to Catholicism in other countries of the world.
② Protestant denominations found in other countries, such as Anglicanism.
③ African initiated churches, or AICs, which are churches founded out of African mission s with little or no help from outside sources.
9) African initiated churches vary enormously, from churches very like their Western Protestant equivalents to extraordinary mixtures of Christianity and Traditional local religions or cults.
10) Members of the AICs often share the deeply spiritualist outlook of the non-Christian neighbors but still reject traditional pagan practices as witchcraft and try to differentiate themselves as much as possible, sometimes wearing different clothes of observing dietary regulations.
11) There is something of a highly supernaturalist approach to Christianity in Africa, with strong charismatic, informal tendencies, and this applies to the mainstream Protestant churches as well.
12) Pentecostalism is a powerful force in these churches, which they are often doctrinally conservative and evangelical, a legacy from the evangelical missionaries of the 19th century.
13) Sometimes the conservative and liberal churches had conflict each other due especially to the matters as women and homosexuality.
14) There have been over the past century important developments within African theology of whom was apartheid theology, which provided a theological rationale for the racism of South Africa.
15) The country's Dutch heritage meant that Calvinism was the dominant tradition there, and the apartheid theologians argued that separation of different races was part of God's predestined plan for humanity.
16) The 1960s saw the rise of South African confessing theology which was consciously inspired by the Confessing Church of Barth and Bonhoeffer that stood up to the influence of Nazism in German Christianity in the 1939's.
17) Thinkers in this tradition seek to create a theology that celebrates black culture and empowers it, and this respect it has much in common with liberation theology.
18) This African black theology is very similar to the North American version, seeing blackness ad a symbol for the poor and downtrodden with whom God identifies. It is often known as contextual theology, meaning it tries to forge a theology that speaks to the context of modern South Africa.
19) A more distinctive theology has risen in recent year since the publication in 1985 of the Kairos Document by the Institute for Contextual Theology.
20) The notion of Kairos means moments of opportunity that may be seized prophetically by socially minded Christians. It is a theology that brings a message of hope to the oppressed rather than wasting time trying to appease or persuade the oppressed.
21) Prophetic theology is thus a kind of alliance of liberation theology with the charismatic tradition and has strong evangelical ties. Its best-known representative is Desmond Tutu, the former Anglican archbishop of Capetwon.
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