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The Modern World (1800 AD-Onwards) (Liberalists: F. Schleiermacher)
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장부영
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2009-01-04 15:36:19, 조회 : 2,449 |
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2. The Liberalists
Liberalism has been focused on the modern world. It criticized the traditional doctrine of Christian orthodoxy in their search for contemporary relevance. It would approach to the contextual situation and the ethical and cultural ones in the methodology of theology.
(1) Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768-1834)
1) He was born in 1768 at Breslau in Silesia (now in Poland), the son of a Reformed army chaplain.
2) He received a Pietist upbringing in the tradition of Spener and entered a Pietist theological seminary. But because he could not accept this traditional theology, he left to complete his theological training at the University of Halle.
3) After his ordination, most of his ministry was exercised in Berlin. In addition to pastoring a Reformed church, he helped to found Berlin University and became a professor of theology there. He died in 1834.
4) He founded not just a school of thought but an era. He is the founder not just of the Liberal school of theology but of the whole of modern theology. His views are set out in two major works:
(1) Religion: speeches to its Cultured Despisers (1799)
It may be seen as the debut of Liberal theology. In these speeches he attempted to defend religion(radical concept) against scepticism.
(2) The Christian Faith (1821-1822; revised edition, 1830-1831)
It was a major work of systematic theology.
5) Religion is more than merely theology and ethics, knowledge and action, knowing and doing the right thing (Pietist view). Religion belongs to a third realm - that of feeling (the starting point of subjectivism). True religion is sense and taste for the infinite.
6) Religion is separate from theology, but this does not mean that the latter has no place. Doctrine and dogmas are not religion.
7) Religion and theology are two different things. While religion is not itself knowledge, there is such a thing as knowledge about religion - theology.
8) He insisted that religion is nothing but feeling and experience. In fact, he took the Pietist insight about the need for a felt and experienced religion.
9) He defined that revelation becomes the religious experience of each individual. 'Every intuition and every original feeling proceeds from revelation...If nothing original has yet been generated in you, when it does come it will be a revelation for you also.'
10) He did no longer accept the teaching of the Bible as normative, which is no longer ties to an external norm. He believed that the Bible is treated as a record of human religious experience rather than a revelation from God or a record of God's acts in history.
11) He accepted the rationalist Enlightenment critique of orthodox Christianity and pits in its place not a new rationalist religion but a religion based on religious experience, in tune with the spirit of the Romantic Movement, which was beginning to react against eighteenth century rationalism.
12) His criterion for theology is conformity not to the doctrine of the New Testament, but to the experience recorded in the New Testament.
13) His concept of the work of Jesus Christ is too low, because of his inadequate view of human sinfulness - he has very little to say about guilt before God, for instance. He said that Jesus Christ came not to atone for sin but to be our teacher, to set us an example.
14) Therefore the work of Jesus Christ is essentially to arouse in us only the consciousness of God. While the consciousness of God in us is obscured and powerless, in him, it was perfect at every moment.
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