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The Modern World (1800 AD-Onwards) (Evangelicals: Charles Finney)
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장부영
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2009-01-04 16:43:58, 조회 : 2,562 |
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3. Evangelicals
Evangelicals have, to a greater or lesser extent, sought to adapt to the modern world. But they have insisted that this process should not lead to the distortion of the biblical gospel.
(1) Charles Finney (1792-1875)
1) He was born in 1792 at Warren in Connecticut. He studied law and became a barrister. In 1821 he was converted to Jesus Christ from a position of skepticism, through studying the Bible for himself. In 1835 he became a professor of theology at Oberlin College in Ohio and from 1851 to 1866 he was its president.
2) He began to preach and in 1824 was ordained into the Presbyterian ministry, and to conduct 'revival' in the eastern states. He used a new methods, which were unconventional for the purpose of the revival.
3) In a different way of the passive method of Calvinism for the evangelism, he used the positive method for the evangelism. Traditionally revival had been seen as a sovereign act of God which gives only when it pleases him, while Finny stressed the importance of preparation for revival.
4) He saw his stress on human responsibility and initiative as a counterbalance to the prevailing teaching that we only be passive before the sovereign grace of God - Calvinist 'cannotism', as it has been called.
5) He stood in the tradition of New England Theology(cf. the orthodox Calvinist of Jonathan Edwards). His thought was developed further by Nathanael Taylor (1786-1858) whose views came to be known as New School Calvinism or the New Haven Theology.
* Nathaniel William Taylor (1786-1858) was an influential Protestant Theologian of the early 19th century, whose major contribution to the Christian faith (and to American religious history) was to modify historical Calvinism in order to fit into the religious revivalism of the time (The Second Great Awakening).
6) His theology stans in this tradition, and he remained an active evangelist and pastor (in the Congregational Church from 1835) all his life. He was also concerned for social reform and was a vigorous opponent of slavery.
7) He stressed the freedom and power of human will. This follows from his theory of moral government and universe ruled by God. who rules the physical universe through the laws of nature, which are inevitable. We are free to obey or disobey, and we therefore must have choice. The choice is free - it is decided by the will of us.
8) As a results, this stress too much on the will as free and undetermined leads him to deny the doctrine of original sin. Children are not born with a sinful nature moulding their wills. But why, if there is no sinful nature, do all sin? He acknowledges that sin is a certainty, though not a necessity. His explanation is that we are all born with physical depravity - with a bias toward self gratification. (not biological but psychological categories).
9) His theology encourages a concept of evangelism as producing isolates decisions rather than radical changes of heart. His doctrine of the 'simplicity of moral action' means that there is no middle ground, no possibility other than total love or total sinfulness.
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선교운동소개
세계역사 