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The Reformation and Reaction (1500-1800 AD) (John Calvin)
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장부영
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2009-01-04 15:09:32, 조회 : 2,379 |
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6. John Calvin (1509-1564)
(1) He was born in 1509 at Noyon, in northern France. His father was a prosperous lawyer, and John followed him into the profession.
(2) H e studied at the University of Paris, where he became thoroughly imbued with the principles of the Renaissance, humanism and scholarship.
(3) He left France and settled in Basel, to study and to write. By the summer of 1535 he had finished the first edition of his Institutes.
(4) He ministered in Geneva from 1536 to 1538. He withdrew to Basel due to his exile, to resume his studies.
(5) He was able to take part in the colloquies between Protestants and Roman Catholics in the years 1539 to 1541, becoming well acquainted with Melanchthon in the process.
(6) He returned to Geneva in 1541. There was to be a long and bitter struggle in which Calvin fought for the spiritual independence of the Genevan church and for the imposition of rigorous discipline.
(7) He had to face intense opposition from the magistrates, but eventually his opponents were discredited and there was a pro-Calvin city council. In the final years of his life he was highly respected, though his wishes were not always obeyed. He died in 1564.
(8) He is blamed for the doctrine of predestination - so clearly taught by Augustine, by most mediaeval theologians and by all the Reformers.
(9) He is vilified for his part in the execution of the heretic Servetus (for denying the Trinity), although his contemporaries applauded him.
(10) He transformed Geneva. John knox declared it to be the most perfect school of Christ that ever was in the earth since the days of the apostles.
(11) He was one of the most prolific writers in the history of the church. He wrote many polemical treatises of which several works were directed against Anabaptism and more important were his attack on Roman Catholicism.
(12) He also wrote against Lutheran on the Lord's Supper in which he claimed to take the spiritual meaning (spiritual presence) of the bread and the wine used at the sacrament. He objected the consubstantiation of Lutheran.
(13) He wrote commentaries on many of the books of the Bible - Gnesis to revelation even though the Revelation stopped to be written.
(14) He is best known for his Institutes (Instruction in the Christian Religion). This work has influenced to the Christianity.
(15) For sin, he has an awful lot to say about sin, which, like Irenaeus, he thinks of essentially as disobedience. It all stems from Adam's original disobedience which is theologically called as Original Sin.
(16) For Christ and salvation, like Luther, he places Christ at the center of his theology: everything in Christian doctrine and practice must flow directly from the person of Christ. His Institutes says:
Christ, while suspended on [the cross], subjects himself to the curse. And it was necessary that this be done, in order that the whole curse, which was waiting for us - or rather lying upon us - because of our sin, might be taken from us by being transferred to him (Institutes 2:16.6).
(17) For faith, he believed that faith is central to Christian life, and by faith he means not simply an intellectual agreement with a set of proposition - although this is part of it - but a fundamental turning of the heart toward God, through Christ.
(18) For predestination, like Augustine and Luther, he also had believed that because of original sin human beings no longer have control over their destiny. They are saved solely through the will of God and are therefore predestined by God to salvation. Its main points are five:
1) Total inability (depravity)
2) Unconditional election
3) Limited atonement
4) Irresistible grace
5) Perseverance of the saints
(19) For Christian life, like Augustine, his emphasis is always on the goodness of God and his grace in saving us, rather than our own miserable nature, and the fact that God does act through us and does save us means that a very serious ethical change is laid before us because we do not belong to ourselves.
(20) Although he did not found Calvinism, it became a rigidly defined system of thought throughout the Reformed world, including the Netherlands, Scotland, and some elements in England, America and so on.
(21) His theological thoughts can be defined as Theocentric (Emphasis on the absolute authority of God) including Christocentric salvation.
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