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The Reformation and Reaction (1500-1800 AD) (The Later Reformation)
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장부영
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2009-01-04 15:14:03, 조회 : 2,393 |
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11. The Later Reformation (After 1517)
(1) In response to Protestantism the Counter-Reformation took place within Catholicism, in fact, all the reforms were part of the same movement.
(2) Some Reformers were able to carry out their program within the church; others, like Luther and Zwingli, were rejected and forced to start their own churches. They were supported by political rulers.
(3) The term Protestant comes from the protest of the German prince against the suppression of Lutheranism in 1529. And they were also abided by the new power of the printing press, which allowed their ideas to spread rapidly.
1) The church was divided into three: the Catholic Church, the Lutheran churches, which were confined mainly to German speaking regions, and the Calvinist or Reformed churches, which were more widespread.
2) The Protestant church as well as Catholic Church has spread throughout the whole world beyond the region of Europe (Mission).
3) Meanwhile, in Europe the struggles were intensifying. Hereafter big or small wars took placed in Europe. For instances:
① France (1562). The worst atrocity was the St. Bartholomew Massacre of 1572, when in just a couple of days over 20,000 French Protestant Huguenos, was slaughtered by Catholic troops.
② Dutch Calvinists were rebelling against Spanish Catholic rule of their country. Nationalism overcame religious differences, and in 1576 the Dutch Catholic and Protestants united to overthrow the Spanish.
③ The Netherlands were left as a stronghold of the Reformed faith.
④ The Trinity Year's War took place in 1618 between the Protestant states of Germany and the Catholic ones launched attacks against each other, dragging most of the continent into what was really the first all-encompassing European war.
⑤ The one country, England succeeded in navigating the Reformed with barely a hitch. King Henry VII simply took control of the existing Catholic structures (1530s), demolished the monasteries and executed anyone, who like Sir Thomas More, refused to renounce their allegiance to the pope. But Queen Mary tried to reestablish Roman Catholicism and executed enormous numbers of Protestants, the Church of England remained secure.
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