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The Reformation and Reaction (1500-1800 AD) (Richard Baxter)
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장부영
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2009-01-04 15:24:05, 조회 : 2,388 |
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(5) Richard Baxter (1615-1691)
1) He was born in 1615 at Rowton near Shrewsbury and at the age of fifteen was converted through reading Richard Sibbes's The Bruised Reed and the Smoking Flax. He was largely self-educated and ordained in1638.
He died in 1691.
2) He was an English Puritan church leader, theologian and controversialist, called by Dean Stanley 'the chief of English Protestant Schoolmen.
3) In 1641 he began to his ministry at Kidderminster, which did not end until 1660. But he absented himself for five years to serve as a chaplain to the Parliamentary army with the outbreak of the Civil War.
4) He was a Calvinist theologian, nevertheless he did not accepted that the only elected people would be saved. He maintained that Christ died for all people, not just for the elect.
5) He was imprisoned more than once he was Non-conformist (cf, modification of Cranmer's Book of Common Player). He actively supported the 'Glorious Revolution' of 1689, which replaced the Roman Catholic James II with William and Mary.
6) He wanted reform of the Church of England, he did not desire separation and wished to see one reunited national church .
7) He was a famous prolific author and theologian of which most of his output was theological, and he is famous today for two other books:
① The Saints' Everlasting Rest (1650).
② The Reformed Pastor (1656)
(6) John Bunyan (1628-1688)
1) He was born in 1628 at Elstow, the son of a poor brazier or thinker, and he served with the Parliamentary army from 1644 to 1646/47.
2) He married the daughter of godly parents in 1649 and through her began to seek after God.
3) He became a member of his congregation and before long he began to preach. Of course, he was outstanding as a preacher.
4) With the return of Charles II in 1660, and this meant persecution for those who would not conform preaching and remained in jail continuously until 1672, because he would not undertake to cease preaching.
5) He wrote his best known Grace Abounding and Pilgrim's Progress while in prison in 1677. He died in 1688, as the persecution of the dissenters was coming to and end.
6) The Pilgrim's Progress is his great masterpiece which was published in 1678, and it has since been translated into about 100 different languages and has been reprinted countless times.
(7) Charles Wesley (1703-1770)
1) He was born in 1703, his father being rector of Epworth, in Lincolnshire.
2) He studied at Christ Church, Oxford, and he was ordained in 1725.
3) He became one of the founders of the Holy Club at Oxford.
4) He went as a missionary to Georgia in 1935, but failed dismally.
5) His inadequacies were exposed the very day after his arrival, by a Moravian pastor.(Moravians were Pietists, in the tradition of Spener)
6) He came to see the new element of assurance of salvation as the very foundation of Christianity and the main doctrine of the Methodists.
7) He began to preach the message of salvation by faith in Jesus Christ. But such a preaching was not welcome in the pulpits of the Church of England. This was a time of considerable moral and religious decline in England. (most unbeliefs and barren moralism were fashionable).
8) As pulpits closed to the Evangelists and Methodists, first Whitefield and then Wesley began, in 1739, to preach in the open air (mass evangelism).
9) He himself travelled some 5,000 miles a year every year, on horseback, at a time when the major reads resembled the country dirt tracks of today.
10) His famous roar, "I look upon all the world as my parish."
11) Sometimes, he would meet with a hostile reception, including stoning.
12) He preserve and was still preaching in the open air at the age of eighty-seven, shortly before his death.
13) He with the other Evangelical preachers had to face opposition, from the clergy and from all levels of society, but many responded.
14) Through their preaching Britain experienced the Evangelical Revival and many were brought into a living personal knowledge of Jesus Christ.
15) He gathered their converts into societies, which existed alongside the local parish churches.
16) The revival movement gave effects not only to the church but all levels of society, and the moral tone of the nation changed significantly.
17) He wholeheartedly agreed with Luther that salvation is by faith alone, not by works; and he added to this an insistence that "faith" means a radical existential attitude toward the person of Christ.
18) His point of this doctrine had been stressed by the Reformers, especially Melanchthon and Calvin.
19) Although his theology had its roots in the thought of Calvin, it was a kind of "nice" Calvinism with the more unpleasant parts toned down or removed.
20) He denied predestination and declared repeatedly that every person is free to accept God's grace in contrast to the stricter Whitefield. But this free is one that God graciously give us. He rejected the doctrine of election.
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