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The Reformation and Reaction (1500-1800 AD) (Ignatius Loyola)
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장부영
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2009-01-04 15:25:49, 조회 : 2,441 |
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16. The Roman Catholic Response (Reaction)
When Reformation movement was strongly progressing, the Roman Catholic Church began to recognize its crisis. The response of Roman Catholic Church against the Protestant Reformation was so called Counter-reformation
(1) Ignatius Loyola (1490-1556)
1) He was born in th early 1490s into a noble family at Loyola, just south of the Pyrenees.
2) He was laid up for a considerable period and turned to reading an account of the life of Christ and the lives of saints. This led to his conversion.
3) He made is general confession and exchanged cloths with a beggar. He then spent a year of solitude and prayer at Manresa (spiritual experience).
4) He was influenced from Thomas a' Kempis's Imitation of Christ deeply at this stage.
5) After visiting Rome and Jerusalem, he returned to study in Spain (1534-1528) and at Paris (1528-1535).
6) He founded the Society of Jesus. He and six companions took vows of poverty and celibacy.
7) He became the first General of the Jesuits and organized the order. He drew up its Constitutions from 1547 to 1550. He was died in 1556.
8) The Jesuits had three major aims:
① to reform the church from within, by education especially,
② to fight heresy (especially Protestantism),
③ to preach the gospel 새 the pagan world.
9) To the three normal vows of poverty, celibacy and obedience, added a fourth: going without delay wherever the pope might order them for the salvation of soul including some of the greatest figures of the Catholic Reformation, such as the missionary Francis Xavier and the theologian Robert Bellarmine.
10) The Spiritual Exercise, one of the major spiritual classics written by Ignatius is not a book to be read for spiritual edification but a guide for people who are leading other Christians in spiritual growth.
1) This book aims to take the disciple systematically through the process of Ignatius's conversion in order to produce the same effect. The goal is to discover God's will for one's life, and to dedicate oneself completely to the service of Jesus Christ - ideally as a Jesuit.
2) The exercises are designed to last four weeks, though each 'week' may be shorter or longer than seven days:
① The emphasis of week one is on the purgation of sin.
(1) The retreatants are to examine their consciences and confess their faults.
(2) They are to medicate on the realities of sin and hell.
(3) The disciple is to be thankful that has been spared this fate until now and resolve to forsaken sin.
② The emphasis of week two is on the kingdom of Jesus Christ.
(1) The retreatant medicates on the main events of Jesus' life from his birth to entry into Jerusalem on Palm Sunday.
(2) The aim of the week is to resolve to serve under the standard of Jesus Christ, rather than that of devil.
(3) At this stage there may come the resolve to turn one's back on the world and embrace the religious life, especially as a Jesuit.
③ In the third week the retreatant medicates on the passion of Jesus Christ.
④ In the fourth week the retreatant mediates on the risen Jesus Christ.
3) The Spiritual Exercise include eighteen Rules for Thinking with the Church. These show how the Jesuit was to subordinate his thinking totally to the Roman Catholic Church.
11) The Jesuits have been immensely influential in the Roman Catholic Church. This influence has serve to fan opposition, as from Pascal, for instance. The order was suppressed by the pope in 1773, but was restores in 1814. It remains very powerful to the present day .
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