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The Middle Ages (West) (500-1500 AD) (William of Ockham)
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장부영
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2008-11-30 00:11:44, 조회 : 2,393 |
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14. William of Ockham (1280-1347)
(1) He was born about 1280, near the end of the thirteenth century at Ockham, near Woking in Surrey. He became a Franciscan friar while a young student at Oxford.
(2) He once would be heretic in some of his view, and so he had been summoned to the papal court at Avigdon to answer the charges of heresy in 1324. His position was condemned by Pope John XXII.
(3 He sided with the Spirituals and was imprisoned. And then he escaped with the General of the Franciscans (1328) and fled to the court of the emperor, Ludwig of Bavaria, the pope's enemy. He was promptly excommunicated.
(4) He moved with imperial court to Munich, where he stay until his death. There was an understanding that the emperor would defend William with his sword while William would defend the emperor with his pen.
(5) After Ludwig's death in 1347 William sought to be reconciled to the church. He died in 1349/50 of the Black Death, which was the devastating Europe.
(6) He is best Known for the famous 'Ockham‘s Razor' or Law of Economy which is the simplicity that the simplest explanation is best.
1) He advocated the 'individual' in opposition to the 'universals', resolved earlier by Peter Abelard, but moved the debate on to a different plane. Universals are purely mental concepts which have no reality or existence outside of the mind of the parson thinking them. In mind he have a mental concept of 'humanity'.
2) He held that all true knowledge id acquired empirically- through the sense.
3) His stress on empirical knowledge, together with his stress, inherited from Duns Scotus, on god's freedom, helped to pave the way for the rise of modern science in the seventeenth century.
4) He had the 'Conciliarism' that the highest authority in the church is not the pope but a general council (including lay representation). Such a view was widespread in the fourteen and fifteen centuries.
5) He held that only the Bible and the universal church cannot err and that the pope must submit to them. And he taught that Pope has no secular power and that the emperor can depose the pope.
6) His teaching on God's grace and human free will was also influenced in the late Middle Ages. He revived Semi-Pelagianism, which had been condemned at the Council of Orange in 529.
(7) He had the position of Nominalism with Roscellinus which stressed the 'individual' while Anselm had the position of Realism with Bonaventure which stressed the 'universal' (universalia ante rem).
(8) His thought came to be known as the 'modern way', in contrast to the 'old way' of Thomas Aquinas and Scotus. It dominated the thinking of the Middle Ages, and has a further significance in that Martin Luther and some of Protestant Reformers were brought up on this theology.
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