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The Middle Ages (West) (500-1500 AD) (John Wyclif)
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장부영
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2008-11-30 00:15:52, 조회 : 2,657 |
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19. John Wyclif (1324-1384)
(1) He was born into a propertied English family in about 1330. He was called as the morning star of the Reformation, and in fact, he was the reformer before the Reformation.
(2) He His life falls into three phases:
1) His academic life in Oxford (until 1374 / philosopher & theologian)
2) His Ant-Roman Catholic (against the financial policy of the Church)
3) His Anti-Roman Catholic Church (against the authority of Pope)
(3) He wrote the famous works as follows:
1) The Truth of Holy Scripture, in which he portrayed the Bible as the ultimate norm, by which the church, tradition, councils and even the pope must be tested. Through this work he broke with Catholic tradition in making Scripture the final authority in 1378.
2) The Power of the Pope in which he demoted the papacy while he exalting the Bible. He argued that the papacy is an office instituted by man, not by God. As William of Ockham before him, he argued that the pope's power does not extend to secular world government.
3) The Apostasy and Eucharist in 1379 & 1380, in which he opposed the Roman doctrine of transubstantiation. He denounced it on several grounds: ① it was philosophically incoherence, ② it was contrary to Scripture, despite he believed himself to be following Catholic tradition, as found in Ambrose, Augustine, and even in the 1079 recantation of Berengar.
4) He believed that after consecration, the bread and wine remain, having become the sacrament of Christ's body and blood.
(4) He Could with justice claim to be returning to the position of Augustine, though his interpretation of Berengar's recantation, one of the crudest ever statement of the real presence, is farfetched in extreme.
(5) His own position is not totally clear and he has been claimed by the followers of Luther and Calvin.
(6) His influenced to his disciples in England became known as Lollards. They included a number of gentry until an abortive rebellion in 1414.
(7) His teaching influenced Jan Hus, who led a reform movement in Bohemia. Hus was burnt at the stake in 1415 at the Council of Constance (1414-18).
(8) He was condemned by the council for 45 theses errors (260 errors?), and his bones were dug up and burnt in 1428.
(9) Wyclif and Hus were both precursors of the Protestant Reformation in that they rejected the authority of Pope and general council in the name of Scripture. But the chief Protestant doctrine, justification by faith alone, was clearly taught by them.
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