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The Reformation and Reaction (1500-1800 AD) (The Renaissance)
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장부영
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2008-11-30 00:27:59, 조회 : 2,418 |
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1. The Renaissance
(1) Europe was reawakening: discovering new world by explorers, creating bold new works by artists, rediscovering new technology by experimental scientists and so on.
(2) Renaissance means 'rebirth' and while the Middle Ages were hardly a period of intellectual and cultural stagnation, there was a new excitement and inventiveness about the 14th to the 16th centuries.
(3) Discovering New Worlds
1) The Explorers
① Marco Polo:
(1) He was born in Venice in about 1254, the son of a merchant. He traveled through the Middle East and across the Gobi Desert to the empire of the Mongols with his father and uncle.
(2) He stayed with the Great Kahn for five years, serving as a diplomat. And he even spent three years as governor of the city of Yangzhou.
(3) His book about his exploits rapidly became the most influenced travel book of all time Generations were inspired by his descriptions.
② Christopher Columbus:
(1) He had the idea of reaching the East by sailing west. At that time such a new idea did not accepted by most people.
(2) People believed that the world was flat while every educated people were well aware that the world was spherical, ever since ancient Greek philosophers and mathematicians had proven the fact.
(3) When events turned out, Columbus's opponents were proved entirely correct.
(4) Fortunately, in 1492 he landed in the Bahamas, an islands in the Atlantic ocean southeast of North America, which he thought were a group of islands off the coast of east Asia.
(5) The sailed to America means that the people discovered new world which they did not know until that time.
2) Classical Art and Scholarship
① Classical Art
(1) Artists like Michelangelo and Donatello were creating new masterpieces in the old style.
(2) Painters began to experiment with non-Christian themes, celebrating classical myths.
(3) Figures like Leonardo da Vinci encapsulate the Renaissance spirit - incredible artistry married to unstoppable inventiveness, both practical and whimsical. (Ref. Boccaccio)
② Scholarship
(1) New scholars appeared 돼 cares about learning for its own sake, not simply for the sake of the church; they were interested in studying ancient authors, both Christian 문 pagan.
(2) Erasmus was their leader of Rotterdam, who was the greatest scholar of the age, and pioneer the study of ancient Greek.
(3) He was 'humanist' with his followers, secular scholars who, although Christian, thought there was artistic and human value in all ancient writers.
(4) Erasmus contributed to the Reformation of the Middle Ages, which Martin Luther performed.
3) The Rise of Science
① Aristotle was as much a physical scientist as a speculative philosopher.
② Academy of Lynxes, in 1603, the first scientific society was founded in Italy.
③ Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes performed experiments - to varying degree of success.
④ Galileo Galilei, one of the greatest scientist of all time, was a vocal supporter of the theories of Nicholas Copernicus, who argued that the earth revolved around the sun (Heliocentric theory).
⑤ The Heliocentric theory was found by ancient Greeks in 1633 that its doctrine contradicted the Bible. His writing also was prevented.
4) The Information Revolution
① Johann Gutenberg, a German silversmith, discovered the art of printing in 145, how cast images of letters.
② Thus, text could be mass-produced quickly and cheaply. The Reformers could spread their radical new ideas throughout Europe.
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