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The Reformation and Reaction (1500-1800 AD) (Martin Luther)
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장부영
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2008-11-30 00:30:02, 조회 : 2,450 |
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2. Martin Luther
(1) He was born in 1483 at Eisleben in Eastern Germany as the son of a miner living in a rural. To be lawyer was the desire of his father.
(2) His father sent him to the famous Erfurt University in order for him to be a lawyer, where he met John Wessel, a humanist scholar, and studied theology there - being taught the modern way by the disciples of Gabriel Biel.
(3) He had been suddenly changed to make decision to be a monk in his mind, and so he went to Augustinian monastery getting shock at his friend's death by the falling of a thunder under a tree.
(4) while he studied at the University of Wittenberg in order to become professor of theology, he was taught that in order to please God and earn his grace he must do his best. But this God was portrayed to Luther as God of judgement of the people in the world.
(5) He was trapped in faith and so he could not believe and love the God who was condemning, in particular a verse of Romans 'In it the righteousness of God revealed' caused difficulty to him.
(6) But one day his eyes opened and saw the meaning of the righteousness of God. In fact it is not the righteousness by His condemnation to us but the righteousness by justification to us by faith. In other words, the righteousness of the gospel is not earned by God's condemnation and wrath but his salvation and justification. He felt as if he had been born again.
(7) He had been in the position of Semi-Pelagianism of which concept is the idea that we need to do very best before God will help us.
(8) Taking this moment, he was turning from the Semi-Palagianism of his training to older view of Augustine. This change can be detected in Luther's writings around 1514/15. It was at this time that Luther was converted to Augustine - but not yet to a truly Protestant doctrine of justification.
(9) He produced ninety-seven theses for debate in the university in which he put forward a strongly Augustinian line and rejected late mediaeval Semi-Pelagianism.
(10) He was outraged due to the purchase of an indulgence by which people could be forgiven. And he would have been even more furious had he known that the proceeds were financing Prince Albert's purchase from the pope of yet another archbishopric.
(11) He wrote ninety-five theses against the indulgences, sending a copy each to his bishop and to Price Albert. Luther became a hero overnight.
(12) In 1519 Luther and some colleagues went to Leipzig to debate with John Eck, a leading theologian on the topics of ninety-five theses.
(13) And then, the pope issued a bull threatening Luther with excommunication unless he recanted within sixty days. He responded by burning the papal bull.
(14) He was summoned to the Diet of Worms, where the young emperor, Charles V, ordered him to recant his assertion.
(15) Luther's chances of survival would have been rare, but Frederick supported him and the emperor was unable to act against him.
(16) In 1520 Luther wrote three major works for his job of Reformation.
1) Appeal to the German Ruling Class (To the Nobility of German Nation):
(1) The papal status or dignity would not be superior to that of the lay-people in the church because all Christians are priest.
(2) Pope would not have the right interpretation of the Bible because all Christians are priest.
(3) Only pope could not summon the congregational meetings of the church because all Christians are priest.
2) Babylonian Captivity of the Church.
(1) It is the theological theses which was written in Latin language.
(2) It pointed that Roman Catholic Church was captured by the liturgy.
(3) It claimed that the lay-people could receive the grass of wine symbolized Christ's blood, and that it accepted not Transubstantiation but Consubstantiation.
3) The Freedom of Christian (On Christian Liberty).
(1) Christians are free from the Law of Moses because they have become to be righteous not the Law but the Faith.
(2) Christians are the servants of God because they have been serving of themselves God not by the Law.
(17) According to expectation, Luther was in great danger. some of his supporters arranged for him to be kidnaped on his journey home and kept out of harm's way in a castle called the Wartburg. While there, he began his translation of the Bible into German language.
(18) He stressed on the importance of the human will. He was attacked on this idea. from Erasmus who wrote 'The Freedom of the Will'.
(19) He ruthlessly exposed the weaknesses and inconsistencies in Erasmus's book and affirmed the traditional Augustnian belief in our total dependence upon God's grace and predestination. but..
(20) He had some differences on the Lord's Supper in contradiction to Swiss reformers. He saw the bread and wine as to be together within while Swiss reformers saw the bread and wine as merely symbol of Christ's body and blood. Of course, Roman Catholic Church has kept 'Transubstantiation'. Due to this problem Protestantism was permanently divided into Lutheran Church and Reformed Church.
(21) The doctrine which Luther stressed is the doctrine of justification by faith alone. But this doctrine does not figure in the ninety-five theses and it was not original cause of the reform.
(22) In the early years of the reform, Luther returned to the Augustinian teaching, but with a greater stress on the need for faith.
(23) But in due course, in the early 1520s, Luther came to see that for Paul, 'justify' does not mean 'make righteous', or change into a good person'. but 'reckon righteous'. or 'acquit'. Justification concerns my status rather than my state, how God looks upon me rather than what he does in me, God accepting me rather than changing me.
(24) Thus Luther arrived at the Protestant distinction between justification (my standing before God) and sanctification (my growth in holiness).
(25) Luther asserted that the church has to be protected by the state. He also asserted the right of church administration has to be committed to the state. On the contrary the state has supported the church by the taxes which had been paid by the state.
(26) Thus by confusing the authority of the church with the authority if the state, the spirituality of the church had been weakened, and the Anabaptists and the movement of Pietism arose in Germany.
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선교운동소개
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